Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established in:

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), as we know it today, came into existence on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai, with the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan coming together. It had its roots in the "Shanghai Five" group, formed in 1996, with the mission of strengthening the security of the region, encouraging cooperation among nations politically, economically, and culturally, and fighting terrorism, separatism, and extremism together. Although the organization was formed in 2001, its Charter was actually signed in 2002, and it came into effect on September 19, 2003.