According to traditional English grammar and punctuation rules, the dash (–) is typically used to pick up a subject that has been broken up, for example after a series or list of words that together form the subject of the sentence. Purpose: It serves as a connecting device to gather together several preceding nouns or phrases before the main verb is presented.
Example: "Friends companions relatives — all deserted him". Here, "Friends companions relatives" are the individual parts of the subject that got scattered, and the dash helps the writer to continue with the sentence using the collective pronoun "all.
Inverted Commas (“ ”): Used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a quotation or specific dialogue.
Colon (:): Typically used to introduce a list, an explanation, or a quotation that follows a complete independent clause.
Semicolon (;): Used to connect two closely related independent clauses or to separate complex items in a list that already contains commas.