Sir Alexander Fleming, while studying the bacteria Staphylococcus at St. Mary’s Hospital in London, observed something incredible in 1928. A mold had infected his culture of the bacteria, which was preventing the bacteria from reproducing. He found that the mold was a species of Penicillium, or Penicillium notatum, which produced a very strong antibacterial agent that he named penicillin. For this discovery, Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945, which he shared with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, who would go on to make penicillin useful to medicine.